EPIDEMIOLOGIA WYBRANYCH PODGATUNKOW
BAKTERII CLAVIBACTER MICHIGANENSIS
ORAZ METODY ICH IDENTYFIKACJI I ZWALCZANIA
Małgorzata Waleron1*, Maria Skrzypkowska1, Krzysztof Waleron1,
Ewa Łojkowska1
1Zakład Ochrony i Biotechnologii Roślin, Katedra Biotechnologii, Międzyuczelniany Wydział Biotechnologii UG i AMG,
ul. Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk
Wpłynęło w maju 2010 r.
1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Choroby wywoływane przez bakterie z gatunku C. michiganensis. 2.1. Bakterioza pierścieniowa ziemniaka. 2.2. Rak bakteryjny pomidora. 3. Czynniki warunkujące patogeniczność. 4. Odpowiedź roślin na infekcję. 4.1. Odpowiedź indukowana przez infekcję powodowaną przez C. m. subsp. sepedonicus. 4.2. Odpowiedź indukowana przez infekcję powodowaną przez C. m. subsp. michiganensis. 5. Metody identyfikacji C. michiganensis. 5.1. Wykrywanie C. m. subsp. sepedonicus. 5.2. Wykrywanie C. m. subsp. michiganensis. 6. Nowe możliwości ochrony roślin przed patogenami z gatunku C. michiganensis. 7. Podsumowanie
Epidemiology of the selected subspecies of Clavibacter michiganensis and methods of its identification and control
Abstract: The genus Clavibacter belongs to the Gram-positive bacterial phytopathogens, which cause serious diseases that lead to heavy economic losses. The genus Clavibacter consists of only one species Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm) which is subdivided into five subspecies according to their host specificity. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) causes bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Cms) is responsible for ring rot of potato, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidiosus (Cmi) causes wilting and stunting in alfalfa, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis (Cmn) induces wilt and blight of maize, and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. tessellarius (Cmi) causpots in wheat. Bacteria from different subspecies are highly specific for their host plants although another plant species can be infected artificially. Latent infection with no or mild symptoms also occur. The bacteria from subspecies Cmm, Cms, and Cmi are quarantine organisms, under strict quarantine control.
The virulence factors typical for Clavibacter are, extracellular cellulase, hpersensitive response inducing proteins, exopolysaccharides, and secreted enzymes such as xylanse, polygalacturonase and serine protease. For Cmm it was shown that the essential pathogenicity determinants are located on plasmid while all the gene functions required for infection, successful colonization, and suppression of plant defenses are carried on the chromosome. In case of Cms it is similar but more detrminats have chromosomal origin.
The detection and identification of these Gram-positive pathogens are based on biochemical and physiological characteristics, as well as pathogenicity assays. For immunological tests, diagnostic kits are available for some subspecies, but these kits have experimental limitations because of serological cross-reactivity. Recently several PCR based techniques have been proposed for Cmm and Cms detection and identification.
1. Introduction. 2. Diseases caused by bacteria belonging into C. michiganensis species. 2.1. Ring Rot. 2.2. Bacterial canker. 3. Pathogenicity factors. 4. Plant response induced by C. michiganensis infection. 5. Detection and identification of bacteria from C. michiganensis species. 6. New methods of elimination of pathogens belonging into C. michiganensis species. 7. Summary
Słowa kluczowe: Clavibacter michiganesis subsp. michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, metody wykrywania, identyfikacja, metoda biologiczna zwalczania
Key words: Clavibacter michiganesis subsp. michiganensis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus, detection, identification, biological control method
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