ZATRUCIE JADEM KIEŁBASIANYM
- PROBLEM WCIĄŻ AKTUALNY
Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda, Marian Binek*
Zakład Bakteriologii i Biologii Molekularnej, Katedra Nauk Przedklinicznych, Wydział Medycyny Weterynaryjnej SGGW
Wpłynęło w listopadzie 2009 r.
1. Wstęp. 2. Właściwości Clostridium botulinum. 2.1. Medyczne zastosowanie toksyny botulinowej. 2.2. Clostridium botulinum jako broń biologiczna. 3. Patogeneza i formy choroby. 3.1. Botulizm pokarmowy. 3.2. Botulizm noworodków. 3.3. Botulizm przyranny. 3.4. Przypadki o nieustalonym źródle. 3.5. Botulizm u zwierząt. 4. Diagnozowanie i leczenie. 5. Badania laboratoryjne. 5.1. Zastosowanie metod biologii molekularnej. 6. Występowanie bakterii w naturze, źródła zatrucia. 7. Podsumowanie
Clostridium botulinum toxicosis - still a serious problem
Abstract: Clostridium botulinum is an anaerobic, rod-shaped sporeforming bacterium. The neurotoxins produced by C. botulinum are among the most potent toxins known to man. Botulism is a public health emergency. Four distinct forms of botulism may occur, depending on the mode of acquisition of the toxin. The most common form of human botulism is a foodborne disease, with intoxication due to the ingestion of preformed neurotoxin in foods, which is generally related to improperly processed home-made products. Interestingly, there is are increasing number of botulism cases correlated with commercially processed foods. Non-proteolytic strains of C. botulinum (group II) are considered hazardous in modern food processing. The most dangerous methods are: mild pasteurization, anaerobic packing and chilled storage. In the United States, the most common form is infant botulism, an infection due to C. botulinum spores germination, which produces neurotoxin in the infant's gastrointestinal tract. Recently, wound botulism among injecting drug users has also become a problem.
Prompt diagnosis and early treatment of botulism are essential to minimize the otherwise great risk of death. The initial diagnosis may be difficult in individual cases. Epidemiologic investigation is critical to prevent further cases if hazardous food is still available for consumption. Toxin production is usually detected by a mouse bioassay, which usually taces several days. Recently, alternative rapid methods have been developed for diagnosis of botulism. PCR is a sensitive and specific method for the detection of neurotoxin genes, which allow for the detection of dual-toxin producing strains.
The presented review focuses on the characterization of Clostridium botulinum, its occurrence and pathogenicity. Recent changes in epidemiology of human botulism are also discussed.
1. Introduction. 2. Properties of Clostridium botulinum. 2.1. Medical application of botulinum toxin. 2.2. Clostridium botulinum as biological weapon. 3. Pathogenesis and forms of disease. 3.1. Foodborne botulism. 3.2. Infant botulism. 3.3. Wound botulism. 3.4. Cases of undetermined origin. 4. Diagnosis and treatment. 5. Laboratory examination. 5.1. Application of molecular biology methods. 6. Occurrence of Clostridium botulinum, sources of intoxication. 7. Summary
Słowa kluczowe: botulizm, bezpieczeństwo żywności, Clostridium botulinum
Key words: botulism, Clostridium botulinum, food safety
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