1. Wstęp. 2. Metody genotypowe różnicowania drobnoustrojów. 2.1. Analiza restrykcyjna chromosomalnego DNA połączona z elektroforezą pulsową (REA-PFGE). 2.2. Analiza profili plazmidowych. 2.3. Hybrydyzacja DNA-DNA. 2.4. Metody oparte o amplifikację DNA techniką PCR. 2.4.1. Amplifikacja znanych regionów genomu połączona z analizą restrykcyjną (PCR-RFLP). 2.4.2. Wykorzystanie sekwencji repetytywnych w genotypowaniu bakterii. 2.4.3. PCR fingerprinting. 2.4.4. Sekwencjonowanie genów. 2.5. Techniki oparte o ligację adaptorów oligonukleotydowych. 2.5.1. AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). 2.5.2. IRS-PCR (Infrequent Restriction Site PCR). 2.5.3. ADSRRS (Amplification of DNA Surrounding Rare Restriction Sites). 2.6. Metody oparte na właściwościach topnienia DNA. 2.6.1. Elektroforeza w gradiencie denaturującym (DGGE - Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; TGGE - Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis). 2.6.2. Technika SSCP (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism). 2.6.3. PCR MP (PCR Melting Profiles). 2.6.4. Real-time PCR. 3. Wnioski końcowe

Abstract: In this review, we have compared some of the most current technologies for genotyping with regard to the principles of the methods and their reproducibility, discrimination power, ease of use and cost. Macrorestriction analysis of genomic DNA followed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (REA-PFGE) has become the "gold standard" for molecular typing. However, REA-PFGE is time-consuming and labor-intensive and can be performed only in reference laboratories with skillful technicians. Due to these drawbacks, this typing method is not ideal for health departments undertaking routine analysis of large numbers of isolates. A variety of PCR-based methods for displaying DNA sequence polymorphism have been developed. Some of the methods such as RAPD, AFLP and ADSRRS regarded as alternative to REA-PFGE, are useful systems for molecular typing of microorganisms.

1. Introduction. 2. Genotyping methods for the differentiation of microorganisms. 2.1. Macrorestriction analysis of DNA-fragments using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (REA-PFGE). 2.2. Plasmid profile analysis. 2.3. DNA-DNA hybridization. 2.4. Methods based on PCR amplification. 2.4.1. Amplification of known DNA regions with restriction analysis (PCR-RFLP). 2.4.2. Usefulness of repetitive sequences in genotyping. 2.4.3. PCR fingerprinting. 2.4.4. Sequencing. 2.5. Techniques based on oligonucleotide adapters ligation. 2.5.1. AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). 2.5.2. IRS-PCR (Infrequent Restriction Site PCR). 2.5.3. ADSRRS (Amplification of DNA Fragments Surrounding Rare Restriction Sites). 2.6. Methods based on melting properties of DNA. 2.6.1. Electrophoresis in denaturing gradient (DGGE - Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis; TGGE - Temperature Gradient Gel Electrophoresis). 2.6.2. SSCP technique (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism). 2.6.3. PCR MP (PCR Melting Profiles). 2.6.4. Real-time PCR. 3. Summary